Earnings per share (EPS) is a method used in fundamental analyses of a company's profitability. Fundamental analysis involves evaluating a company's stock rather than just its earnings. Earnings and shares combined can provide a great deal of insight into a company’s profits. EPS tells us how much of a company's profit is assigned to each share of stock. EPS is calculated as net income (after dividends on preferred stock) divided by the number of outstanding shares.

E-business, or electronic business, is any business model that provides products and services to its customers over the internet. E-business is conducted by large corporations, governments, non-profit organizations, individual citizens, and many other constituents. E-commerce is one of the most well-known types of electronic business, but should not be confused with the general classification of e-business. E-commerce is characterised by buying and selling products and services online through an electronic platform such as Amazon, but it is only a small portion of the true value of goods, services, and information exchanged on the internet.

E-commerce, or electronic commerce, is a business model that allows users to buy and sell products and services on the internet. E-commerce is usually classified into four main segments: business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), consumer-to-consumer (C2C), and consumer-to-business (C2B). Nearly any imaginable product or service is available through an e-commerce website including books, music, electronics, financial services, and more. E-commerce is often used as a substitute to traditional brick and mortar stores because costs are lower, and the potential customer reach is much greater. Amazon, eBay, and Alibaba are some of the most well-known and widely used ecommerce platforms.

Economic X Nodes (XNs) and Economic Nodes (ENs) are two types of nodes created and used by the VeChain Foundation. They incentivize coin holders to run a node in exchange for tokenized VET rewards, and help maintain network consensus alongside Authority Masternodes. There are four different tiers of XNs depending on the amount of VET staked, while ENs have three different tiers. XNs and ENs are managed via VeChainThor Node smart contracts and interact with the entire blockchain system. As of 2020, no new XNs can be created and existing XN operators are considered long-term supporters of the project.

An Ecosystem Expansion Project (EEP) is an ICON-related project or activity that contributes to the overall growth and expansion of the ICON ecosystem. EEPs play a role in determining the ICON Network’s governance system, along with P-Reps and their Decentralized Application Booster Program (DBP). All ICONists can propose and execute EEPs and receive rewards when other ICONists delegate a certain amount of stake to those who proposed EEPs.

Edgecast is Theta Network’s decentralized application (dApp) for content transcription and distribution. It allows Theta users to earn Theta coin rewards for sharing videos with other users. As a result, Theta has established a user-driven method of powering its growing ecosystem of entertainment-focused services — most of which are focused on esports, music, TV, film, education, and enterprise conferencing.

Theta Network Edge Nodes are hosted by Theta community members. Introduced in Theta’s 2.0 mainnet launch, Edge Nodes allow users to transcode and relay video content as well as share excess bandwidth/processing power across the network without the need for centralized servers. This Edge Node network forms the community-driven core of Theta’s Edgecast platform, which underpins the network's peer-to-peer streaming dApps. As of early 2021, there were more than 7,000 Edge Nodes around the world. Edge Node operators receive THETA token rewards in exchange for contributing to Theta’s global content-sharing ecosystem.

Effective Proof of Stake (EPoS) is Harmony’s proprietary Proof-of-Stake (PoS) staking mechanism designed to increase network security and decentralization. EPoS allows thousands of validators to stake in a fair and equitable manner, reducing the possibility of staking centralization. Harmony's EPoS staking framework supports reward delegation and reward compounding and ensures 100% network uptime by both slashing validators who double-sign transactions and penalizing elected but unavailable nodes.

EIP-1599 is an Ethereum Improvement Proposal designed to make network transactions more efficient by using a hybrid system of base fees and tips. In the proposal, a base fee is defined as an algorithmically determined price that all Ethereum users would pay to complete transactions. Tips are defined as optional fees that users could include to speed up their transactions. If implemented, EIP-1559 could greatly reduce transaction costs and improve the overall Ethereum user experience.

E-tailing is the sale of goods and services through the internet. There are numerous types of e-tailing including business-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C) sales of products and services. E-tailing requires companies to tailor their business models to capture internet sales, which can include building out new distribution channels and new technical infrastructure.

The Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) is the cryptographic signature algorithm used by Bitcoin and several other highly regarded cryptocurrencies, wallets, and exchanges. Through the use of private keys, public keys, and cryptographic signatures, the algorithm guarantees that only the holders of private keys can send bitcoin transactions. The tBTC system also uses ECDSA cryptography to create tokenized bitcoin.

The EGLD coin is the cryptographic asset native to the Elrond Network. It helps allow the Elrond ecosystem to function optimally through its staking, governance, and developer payment mechanisms.

An Elrond Standard Digital Token (ESDT) is similar to the ERC-20 tokenization standard employed by the Ethereum network. ESDTs enable true asset ownership and programmability with minimal transfer fees, allowing Elrond’s infrastructure to build a robust variety of DeFi products. Elrond Standard Digital Tokens are designed to facilitate inexpensive token transfers that allow tokens to be moved from one account to another without utilizing a smart contract. Because of their native in-protocol support, transactions sent or received with ESDTs don't require use of the Elrond Virtual Machine (EVM) — enabling a user-friendly, fast, and scalable token transaction ecosystem that functions similarly to that of Elrond eGold (eGLD).

The Elrond Virtual Machine (VM) or Arwen WASM Virtual Machine is the state-based VM engine that is designed to facilitate the operational efficiency and creation of smart contracts on the Elrond blockchain and on external blockchains that interact with the Elrond Network.

Email spoofing is the act of creating and sending email messages with a forged sender address, typically with the intent to compromise the recipient. The most common ways this is accomplished include copying an organization’s defining content, such as specific phrases, fonts, logos, or color schemes used by the legitimate website or service provider in order to make the fraudulent message look authentic. Since most core email protocols do not have any authentication mechanisms, email spoofing continues to be a widely used form of online fraud.

Encryption refers to technical processes that secure data and systems, and make it more difficult for hackers to gain unauthorized access to information, or meddle with networks and transactions. In modern cryptography, encryption generally entails the conversion of what is known as “plaintext” into “ciphertext." Encryption is a means of encoding information so that only authorized parties can understand it.

Enhanced Due Diligence (EDD) is a Know Your Customer (KYC) process that provides a greater level of scrutiny of potential business partnerships and highlights risks that cannot be detected via Customer Due Diligence (CDD) alone. It is designed for use with customers who are deemed high-risk via the KYC process. Relevant risk factors can include large transaction amounts, high customer net worth, geographical location, political exposure, and more.

Enjin is a platform that enables developers to create and manage games on the blockchain. Enjin hopes to leverage blockchain technology to reduce the high fees and fraud common with the transfer of virtual goods. ENJ is an ERC-20 token used to pay for digital goods and services on the Enjin platform.

Enterprise adoption refers to the ability for a specific service or type of technology to be used by a large corporation, company, government, Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), or specific industry. Enterprise adoption of any technology generally means that it is being used widely to solve multiple problems for different use cases in the real-world. It is the hope of the blockchain community that blockchain technology will eventually achieve enterprise adoption.

Enterprise blockchain is a term used to describe blockchain systems that are typically used by large corporations for record keeping, data storage, and numerous other transaction and business types. Viable long-term enterprise blockchain systems must consist of three main characteristics — scalability, decentralization, and security — in order to be sustainable for most real-world enterprise uses. Enterprise blockchains are typically systems capable of the extreme scalability needed to process transactions very quickly because of the large amount of data that is regularly sent and received by large corporations. Enterprise blockchain systems can be either private, public, or hybrid systems.

Formed in 2017, the Enterprise Ethereum Alliance (EEA) is a member-led industry organization that was built to enable the collaboration of numerous enterprises, academics, Fortune 500 companies, and technologists to further the construction and widespread adoption of Ethereum as an enterprise-grade technology platform. The EEA helps facilitate the implementation of the Ethereum blockchain for enterprises by using its scalable, private, and interoperable infrastructure for multiple real-world uses. The Ethereum Enterprise Alliance also regularly hosts member-based meetings to share access to educational material, technical resources, and media creating a mutually beneficial environment for Ethereum enterprise adoption.

The EOS Network is a smart contract and decentralized application (dApp) development platform. Unlike many other blockchain networks, EOS does not charge direct transactional fees for operations. Instead, users wishing to transact or run a dApp must obtain sufficient network capacity by holding EOS coins. EOS is the native coin on the EOS network, used for voting and accessing network capacity.

EOS 1.0 was the first full version of the EOS blockchain network released on June 1st, 2018. After several upgrades it was replaced by the more advanced EOS 2.0 which launched on January 10th, 2020.

EOS 2.0 launched on January 10th, 2020. It is designed to enhance the performance and security of its predecessor (EOS 1.0), as well as provide new developer tools to make it easier to build on the EOS.IO platform.

The EOSIO Contract Development Toolkit (EOS.CDT) is a specialized WASM ToolChain and set of tools designed to build, create, modify, and utilize smart contracts within the EOSIO ecosystem.

The EOSIO RPC application programming interface (API) is a type of Remote Procedure Call (RPC) API used to connect to the EOSIO blockchain. A RPC occurs when a computer utilizes a program that makes a procedure execute by utilizing a distinct address space on another shared network or computer. This is done by coding and the use of a local procedure call without the developer giving details for the remote interaction via location transparency.

The EOSIO software development kit (SDK) is an SDK built to provide tools to make application development easier on EOS. The EOSIO SDK is built for both Java (Android) and Swift (iOS) programming languages. They allow software developers to create EOS-specific applications that can be built for the Android and iOS operating systems.

The EOS Virtual Machine (EOS VM) is a high-performance blockchain WebAssembly (WASM) interpreter used by the EOS blockchain. It is an engine that uses three different interpreters to make it possible to compile, debug, and optimize smart contracts. Its main purpose is to improve the functionality and performance of smart contracts.

An epoch is a division of time on the Cardano blockchain protocol. Cardano makes use of a proprietary Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus algorithm called Ouroboros Praos, which divides the blockchain into time-frames called epochs that last approximately 5 days. Epochs are in turn subdivided into smaller increments called slots that last about 20 seconds. There are currently a total of 432,000 slots (5 days) in each epoch. In a specific slot, zero or more block producing nodes may be selected to be the slot leader. Typically, one node is nominated every 20 seconds, totalling over 20,000 slot leaders per epoch. When randomly selected for the role, slot leaders produce blocks, of which one will be added to the blockchain, while other block candidates will be discarded.

Equihash is an architecturally sound Proof-of-Work (PoW) cryptocurrency mining — or hashing — algorithm. The framework is designed to be application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)-resistant and highly scalable. It is also designed to remove the centralization of large corporations operating cryptocurrency mining hardware. The algorithm was created by Alex Biryukov, Dmitry Khovratovich, and other cryptographers at the University of Luxembourg prior to its mainstream introduction in 2016.

An equity stake is classified as the percentage of a business owned by a specific individual or entity — for example as shares of stock in a company. In the blockchain industry, equity is commonly held by the founder of a company or blockchain project, in exchange for helping create, design, fund, and build the project since its inception.

Erasure encoding is used in computer science to separate data into encoded fragments (data blocks) so they can be sent securely to another location in the system. Erasure encoding often allows data to be expanded and encoded along with unwanted data so it can be stored in different locations to preserve the most important information. In the event that a database is damaged or corrupted, erasure encoding can help allow encoded fragments of data to be saved so they are not permanently lost.

ERC-1155 is an Ethereum-based token standard that incorporates non-fungible token (NFT) technology. The ERC-1155 standard allows for a single smart contract to manage multiple token types, including both fungible, semi-fungible, and non-fungible tokens. It is purported as the new multi-token standard. Other token standards like ERC-20 and ERC-721 require a separate contract to be deployed for each token type or collection, which results in excessive and redundant code on the Ethereum blockchain.

The ERC-20 standard outlines the common set of criteria and technical specifications an Ethereum token must follow to function optimally and interoperably on the Ethereum blockchain. It enables the creation of tokenized assets that can be bought, sold, and exchanged alongside cryptocurrencies like bitcoin (BTC) and ether (ETH). The ERC-20 standard utilizes smart contracts to issue tokens that can be exchanged on the Ethereum network as well as used interoperably between Ethereum-based dApps. It is the most commonly used Ethereum token standard, and has been used as a framework to create many notable digital assets.

ERC-223 is a tokenization standard that was proposed in 2017. It was designed to address some of the inefficiencies attributed to the ERC-20 Ethereum tokenization standard by developers building the Ethereum Classic blockchain, but for various reasons has not been implemented on a far-reaching scale. Notable for ERC-223 is a feature set designed to help prevent token losses that can occur with transfers of ERC-20 tokens.

ERC-721 is a technical standard for the implementation of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) on the Ethereum blockchain which outlines and provides rules that all NFTs must follow. NFTs that adhere to the ERC-721 standard are interoperable with each other and the wider Ethereum ecosystem. The ERC-721 standard produces provably rare assets, and is widely used for digital collectibles, games, art, and luxury items.

Similar to ERC-20, ERC-777 is a tokenization standard for fungible tokens, and is designed to enable more complex interactions for token trading. It helps remove confusion around decimals, minting, and burning — and it employs a distinctly powerful feature known as a hook. A hook is a function in an informatic computer-based contract that is initiated when tokens are sent to it, and which simplifies how accounts and contracts interact while receiving tokens. Furthermore, because of this fact, ERC-777 tokens are much less likely to get ‘stuck’ in a contract (which has historically been an issue with ERC-20 tokens).

An escrow is a contractual arrangement in which an intermediary receives and disburses funds or assets on behalf of the primary transacting parties based on predetermined conditions agreed to by the transacting parties. Traditionally, the intermediary is a trusted third-party arbitrator, but with the advent of blockchain technology, this escrow service can now be automated using algorithmically-enforced rules based on smart contracts. The automation of escrow holds massive potential implications across a broad range of industries.

An e-signature, or electronic signature, is a signature executed in an electronic document or form. Electronic signatures are legally valid in most jurisdictions to replace handwritten signatures.

Electronic sports, or Esports, is a type of competition using video games. Esports is often made up of organized multiplayer video game competitions, often between professional Esports participants competing on an individual or team-based format. Regular multiplayer mode has been present in console-based gaming for decades, but not until the late 2000s did the birth of competitive live streaming tournaments become well known. The most common video game Esports genres are multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA), first-person shooter (FPS), card, fighting, battle royal, and real-time strategy (RTS) games.

Ethash is a specialized Proof-of-Work (PoW) hashing algorithm employed by the Ethereum blockchain. Ethash is the newest version of Ethereum’s Dagger-Hashimoto mining algorithm, and is characterized as a faster rendition that is application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)-resistant, while at the same time bring graphics processing unit (GPU) mining-friendly and light client-friendly unlike its predecessor. Because Ethash is PoW-based, there is a good chance it will no longer be used once Ethereum 2.0 launches with its Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus framework.

Ether (ETH) is the native cryptocurrency of the Ethereum blockchain, and plays an integral role in the Ethereum ecosystem. Transactions on the Ethereum blockchain are paid for in micropayments of ETH referred to as gas, while ether also facilitates interactions with and between smart contracts throughout the Ethereum platform and ecosystem.

Ethereum launched in 2015 as a decentralized, blockchain-based global supercomputer to serve as the foundation for an ecosystem of interoperable, decentralized applications (dApps) powered by token economies and automated smart contracts. Assets and applications designed on Ethereum are built with self-executing smart contracts that remove the need for a central authority or intermediary. The network is fueled by its native cryptocurrency ether (ETH), which is used to pay transaction fees on the network. Open-source, programmable, private, and censorship resistant, Ethereum forms the backbone of a decentralized internet, which has already spawned significant innovation like Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs), stablecoins, and decentralized finance (DeFi) applications.

Ethereum 2.0 refers to a significant set of updates to the Ethereum blockchain intended to vastly improve its scalability and broader utility. The multi-phased package of upgrades is officially called Serenity. It features a switch from a Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus algorithm that relies on computational mining to a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus algorithm that relies on validator staking to keep the network in motion. In utilizing Proof of Stake and implementing the innovation of partitioned shard chains, Ethereum 2.0 is expected to be much more efficient than its prior iteration, achieving the transactional scale required to be the global supercomputer.

A deposit contract as relates it to the transition from Ethereum 1.0 to Ethereum 2.0 is a smart contract on Ethereum 1.0 that allows a user to create a validator node on the Ethereum network — a node that contributes to network consensus and block creation/validation — by depositing 32 ether (ETH) into the node. The deposit contract for Ethereum 2.0 went live on November 4th, 2020 as users from across the world rushed in to stake their 32 ETH before the November 24th deadline ahead of the proposed Ethereum 2.0 launch on December 1st, 2020. This launch required at least 16,384 individual users to fulfill the 32 ETH obligation.

Ethereum dominance (ETHD) is a metric that measures the market cap of ether (ETH) — the world's second largest cryptocurrency — in relation to the total market cap of all other cryptocurrencies combined. ETHD is often perceived to have a correlation to the performance of bitcoin (BTC) and alternative cryptocurrencies, or altcoins. Generally, when ETHD increases, the value of most other cryptocurrencies increases in what is sometimes referred to as an "alt season."

An Ethereum Improvement Proposal (EIP) is a mechanism used by the Ethereum network to propose new features and processes that help determine the direction of the Ethereum network. EIPs are an important part of Ethereum’s governance system and act as a source of truth for the Ethereum community. They are typically used to amend technical specifications of the Ethereum network, and consist of upgrades and standards that are discussed by the Ethereum development community and the Ethereum Foundation. EIPs go through a rigorous finalization and auditing process to determine if they are in the best interest of the Ethereum project long-term.

Ethereum Request for Comment (ERC) is a set of technical documentation used by Ethereum smart contract developers that outlines a specialized set of rules for the implementation of tokens that run on the Ethereum blockchain. The ERC token standard specification is used as a means to create token interoperability within the Ethereum network that allows users to send and receive all kinds of tokens between Ethereum addresses. Further, there are several distinct ERC tokenization standards, including ERC-1155 and ERC-721, with the most common being the ERC-20 tokenization standard.

Ethereum transactions are code or a set of commands that execute in a single Ethereum block. They change from simple token transfers to complex zero knowledge proofs and smart contracts. Transactions are permanently recorded onto the data state of the Ethereum blockchain at the cessation of every block.

The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is a development interface accessible through a web browser. The EVM enables developers to deploy decentralized applications (dApps) more effectively by providing a suite of development kits, application templates, and other tools. The EVM improves accessibility by eliminating the need for developers to purchase costly hardware, and allowing developers to launch a dApp regardless of the underlying coding language. The EVM is a primary driver of the trend that dApps exist almost exclusively on the Ethereum blockchain thus far.

Ethermint is a scalable, high-throughput Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchain that exhibits extensive interoperability and compatibility with the Ethereum network. The platform is built using the Cosmos software development kit (SDK), which runs on top of the Tendermint Core consensus engine. The Ethermint system is designed to help developers build Ethereum-compatible applications within a Tendermint-based environment. Through the Cosmos SDK, the platform makes use of the Inter Blockchain Communication (IBC) protocol to facilitate the exchange of tokenized assets and other data types between the Cosmos and Ethereum ecosystems.

The European Central Bank (ECB) is the main central bank for the Eurozone, which is the monetary union of 19 European Union (EU) member states that employ the use of the Euro (€) as the region’s main currency. The ECB is one of the most important central banks in the world, and serves as one of the seven institutions that comprise the infrastructure of the EU. The main purpose of the ECB is to maintain price stability, regulatory certainty, fair monetary policy, and a healthy European financial system related to banking, investment, insurance, securities, and the EUs financial sector as a whole. The ECB is responsible for the authorization of Euro issuance in EU member states.

The European Economic Area (EEA), established in January 1994, is an area in Europe that acts as an extension of the European Union (EU)'s financial market. The EEA is composed of the EU member states as well as three of the four nations that make up the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) — Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein, with Switzerland denying entry. The EEA was founded to create an open framework to implement laws across all participating countries relating to the movement of goods, services, capital, and citizens (known universally as the four freedoms).

A cryptocurrency exchange is a type of digital currency exchange where digital assets can be bought, sold, and traded for fiat currency or other digital assets. They are similar to mainstream exchanges where traditional stocks are bought and sold in the type of transactions and orders that users can execute. Cryptocurrency exchanges have evolved significantly from the earliest iterations (which were often unregulated) to provide more security and accessibility and ensure legal compliance in accordance with the jurisdictions in which they operate. As the cryptocurrency space continues to grow, more exchanges have emerged which provide competitive trading fees, exchange rates, and user-friendly features as they vie for more users and trading volume.

Exchange coins are digital assets launched on a crypto exchange via an Initial Exchange Offering (IEO), a fundraising method for crypto companies that's similar to an Initial Coin Offering (ICO). There are two different types of exchange coins: those launched by the exchange itself as the native coin or token of the platform, and those launched by other crypto companies using the token launch infrastructure and services of the exchange. These exchange assets can either be tokens (digital assets enabled by an existing blockchain) or coins (digital assets that run on their own blockchain).

An Exchange-Traded Commodity (ETC) is typically backed by an underwritten note that is collateralized by an underlying asset purchased using the capital invested into the ETC. As a result, Exchange-Traded Commodities are often considered a cross between an Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF) and an Exchange-Traded Note (ETN). This means ETCs have some of the potential tax and cost-saving advantages of ETNs, while also providing a degree of risk reduction in the event an underwriter defaults.

An exchange-traded fund (ETF) is a financial product that is tied to the price of other financial instruments. This structure gives investors a way to gain exposure to an asset or a bundle of assets without buying or owning the asset(s) directly. ETFs can be composed of all kinds of assets including stocks, commodities, and bonds. A digital asset ETF, for example, would allow investors to invest in the underlying digital asset without needing to manage the asset itself or interact with a cryptocurrency exchange.

An Exchange-Traded Note (ETN) is a structured financial product that is issued as a senior debt note, and stands in contrast to Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) which represent a direct stake in an underlying asset. In other words, ETNs are unsecured and similar to bonds. ETNs were developed in 2006 by Barclays Bank in order to make it easier for normal investors to invest in traditionally illiquid, hard-to-access assets. Because ETNs don’t involve the direct buying and selling of assets like an ETF, investor taxes are not triggered until the fund is sold, which can be advantageous for long-term investors.

An exchange-traded product (ETP) is a type of security that tracks an underlying security, index, or financial instrument asset, and can be purchased on an exchange. ETPs trade on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) during the day. The first crypto ETPs went to market in 2019.

An execution price is the price at which a buy or sell order for a security is completed, or executed. As prices fluctuate in a dynamic market, what is offered for a trade in as an order price might not always be identical to the price at the execution price of the trade. A strong execution price has very little slippage or change in price from an order price and is a sign of a healthy market and asset.

In the context of blockchain, an exit scam is a process whereby a company creates a fake business model, whitepaper, website, and other information to pose as a credible blockchain enterprise, then offers investors a means to participate in various funding rounds where it sells tokens that represent equity in the project, and ultimately executes a large inside-job market sell-off orchestrated by the founding members of the project who proceed to steal investors' capital and go on the run.

Exploit kits are automated programs that contain code for identifying vulnerabilities and installing malware. They are a type of toolkit that cybercriminals use to attack weaknesses in computing systems. Once they've infected a victim's machine, they compile device information, search for vulnerabilities, determine the appropriate or most effective exploits, and then deploy those exploits on behalf of the exploit kit user.

The exponential decay model is a cryptoeconomic minting mechanism used by numerous blockchain projects to mitigate inflation. Blockchains that follow the model produce higher native currency rewards during the launch and early stages of the network, which decrease exponentially over time, along with an increasing difficulty in block mining in propagation. The model has been criticized for enabling a miner incentivization imbalance.

An extended private key (XPRIV) is one half of the master key pair (the other being an extended public key) used in hierarchical-deterministic wallets. A hierarchical-deterministic wallet is a cryptocurrency wallet that generates new cryptographic key pairs or addresses from a master key pair each time funds are received.

An extended public key (XPUB) one half of the master key pair (the other being an extended private key) used in hierarchical-deterministic wallets. A hierarchical-deterministic wallet is a cryptocurrency wallet that generates new cryptographic key pairs or addresses from a master key pair each time funds are received.