Gartner is an American research and advisory company that provides data and metrics to their global executive customer base across industries like technology, finance, communications, legal and regulatory compliance, customer service, human resources, and supply chain. The company provides numerous services — often to executives leading large international enterprises — including webinars, written research, financial and industry-specific data, and more. Gartner also hosts conferences, executive trainings, and other workshops for various enterprise and government clients around the world.

The fees associated with transacting and executing smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain are referred to as gas. Decentralized applications (dApps) on the Ethereum blockchain run using smart contracts that lay out rules for execution of events. The execution of events happens through transactions, which come with a cost to the network. These costs are figured based on the computational power required for each action and how long each action operates. Gas costs are denoted in gwei, a denomination of ether (ETH), equal to 0.000000001 ETH. Gas was built into the system to allocate resources to the network of miners who validate transactions and create new blocks. Gas also acts as a spam mitigation tool. By adding a cost to each transaction, nefarious actors who might try to disrupt the system by sending a large number of tiny transactions are deterred from doing so.

Gas fees are payments made by users to cover transaction or smart contract execution costs on the Ethereum blockchain network, in compensation for the computing energy that such executions require. Gas fees are generally priced in a small amount of the cryptocurrency ether (ETH). The sender of a transaction can decide if they want the transaction to be sent slowly or quickly. The faster the transaction is processed, the more gas fees it will require.

GAS (not to be confused with the gas fees native to the Ethereum network) and NEO are the two native cryptocurrencies of the NEO blockchain protocol. NEO acts as the primary currency for transactions and gives holders the right to vote on network proposals. Users can also earn GAS through staking their NEO. GAS is also used to pay for network usage: transaction fees, storage fees, and fees associated with executing smart contracts. All NEO coins were minted at the establishment of the protocol, and GAS coins are minted with every new block.

Ethereum charges a fee, called gas, for the computational exertion needed to send a transaction on the network — and the gas limit is the highest fee that the Ethereum network can charge a user. The gas limit depends on the complexity of the transaction, the chosen sending speed, and the current level of network congestion at the time the transaction is initialized. Because the Ethereum network is so large, thousands of transactions are often queued and awaiting confirmation, which results in network miners prioritizing transactions for users that pay more to send their transaction.

Gateways are devices that make use of Internet of Things (IoT) technology to connect to a blockchain system or related network infrastructure. Most IoT network devices are generally inhibited by poor battery life, limited computing power, restricted communication bandwidth, and other criteria that affect performance. Gateways were designed to help combat these inefficiencies and can be made up of any number of devices that possess the capability to run a network themselves. Examples of gateways include a mobile phone connected to various wearable devices, a smart car linked by multiple in-car devices, or a 5G base station connected to a multitude of IoT devices.

Gavin Wood is a British computer scientist best known for founding Polkadot, Kusama, Parity Technologies, and the Web3 Foundation. Wood became one of the original founders of Ethereum in 2013 and the project's Chief Technology Officer (CTO). Wood also notably created the Solidity programming language that Ethereum uses to program smart contracts. In 2019, Wood developed the Kusama blockchain network and continues to build Polkadot and Kusama, along with other related entities.

In The Sandbox game, Gems are ERC-20 tokens that define the attributes of the assets created by users. They are burned upon usage.

General Availability (GA) version refers to the version of a software program or application that has been released for sale to the general public. The GA version is usually released after the release to manufacturing (RTM) version and several other preceding versions (including the alpha and beta releases). The GA version has normally undergone all testing and finalization to be ready for commercialized purchase, including regulatory and security testing and more.

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is a European data and privacy protection regulatory framework for the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA).The GDPR is also responsible for the transfer of personal data outside of the European Union (EU). The main goal of the GDPR is to protect and control the rights of personal data and to streamline the regulatory environment for international business inside and outside the EU.

A genesis block refers to the first block of any blockchain network. It is almost always hardcoded into the protocol software. It is the only block of a blockchain network that does not reference a previous block.

A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based system used to map, share, analyze, manage, and interpret numerous types of geographic and location data. It is quite common to use GIS technology to apply certain data types to maps to carry out research, data analysis, and other processes for engineering, planning, design, environmental monitoring and disaster relief, search and rescue, telecommunications, and many other uses. GIS also utilizes location data and coordinates such as longitude (x-axis), latitude (y-axis), and elevation (z-value) to fulfill various purposes related to geospatial mapping and data compilation for many different disciplines.

A gigabyte (GB) is a unit of measurement for digital data storage that is made up of 1,000,000,000 bytes of data. A GB is 1,000 times larger than the megabyte (MB) and is measured using the International System of Units (SI) measurement scale. Bytes are the basic unit of data storage, but have since grown to include many larger measurements including kilobytes (KBs), megabytes, and terabytes (TBs). GBs, like MBs, are normally used to measure data storage on a computer or computer network, or for external USB storage devices or hard drives, and other related software or hardware.

GitHub, a subsidiary of Microsoft, provides online hosting services for collaborative software development using Git, a distributed version-tracking system. With a variety of advanced collaborative tools, security features, and version control, GitHub has become the de-facto standard for collaborative, online software development. GitHub offers free personal accounts in addition to enterprise accounts. It is commonly used to host open-source projects, although it offers private repositories as well.

The Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) is a financial taxonomy system that has been adopted by most of the global financial system. It is an agreed-upon “language” for understanding into which industries and sectors certain companies are categorized. The GICS structure consists of 11 sectors, 24 industry groups, 69 industries, and 158 sub-industries. The GICS system classifies public companies only.

A golden cross is a bullish technical trading signal in which the 50-day moving average crosses above the 200-day moving average, typically triggering a price rally. It is the opposite of a death cross trading signal, which is a bearish trading signal. Golden cross formations can also be detected within shorter time frames, such as the 5-day and 15-day averages, although longer periods typically offer stronger signals.

Golem Network is a platform for democratizing access to censorship-resistant computing power. It allows users to supply and lease idle hardware in a peer-to-peer manner. Golem currently operates as a decentralized alternative to centralized cloud computing solutions provided by Amazon, Microsoft, and IBM. The settlement layer of the protocol allows for the creation of a shared and alternative economy, where users earn passive income by leasing their hardware. The network is fueled by the Golem Network Token (GLM), which was previously identified by the ticker symbol GNT before a token swap in November 2020.

Google Authenticator is a mobile-based authentication application that makes use of two-factor authentication (2FA) services by using a Time-based One-Time Password Algorithm (TOTP) and HMAC-based One-Time Password (HOTP) algorithm for authenticating a user’s identity for use with software applications. The application generates a one-time six-digit password (which changes every 30 seconds) that must be entered in conjunction with a user's usual login credentials. Google Authenticator serves as a security measure to mitigate malicious actors from hacking into applications on a user’s mobile device or web browser, and is used by the majority of cryptocurrency exchanges as an added security measure.

Go is an open-source computer programming language designed by Google. Go is sometimes referred to as 'Golang' because of its domain name (golang.org). Go is a statically typed and compiled programming language that is similar in syntactic structure to C, but includes advanced features for improved productivity when dealing with large networks and codebases. Go has become a preferred programming language for decentralized blockchain networks, and is used with many dApps and other decentralized tools.

Gossip Protocol is utilized by Hedera Hashgraph to broadcast information amongst network nodes and to reach consensus on transaction validation.

Blockchain governance refers to the formal structure that a blockchain ecosystem maintains to ensure the long-term integrity, transparency, and technical innovation of the project. An equitable governance structure involves different methodologies for voting on platform technology, strategy, updates, and rules. Blockchain governance typically includes both on-chain governance (like cryptographic algorithms that govern the network's computational architecture and consensus mechanism) and off-chain governance (like interpersonal decision-making that is not written in computer code).

A governance token provides holders with a degree of influence over a platform's protocol, products, and future functionality. Governance tokens are often issued via decentralized protocols that aim to encourage community-led growth and self-sustainability. Holders of governance tokens are typically able to propose changes to the protocol as well as use their tokens to vote on those changes. Governance tokens are used to democratically manage a protocol in a fair and decentralized manner. On Proof-of-Stake (PoS) blockchains, governance tokens may be staked within network validator nodes to secure the platform’s security and operational efficiency in exchange for regular staking rewards.

GRANDPA (GHOST-based Recursive Ancestor Deriving Prefix Agreement) is one of the two central components of the hybrid consensus mechanism that Polkadot utilizes to secure and maintain its network. GRANDPA is a mechanism for finalizing the state of the blockchain, while its counterpart, Blind Assignment for Blockchain Extensio (BABE), is a mechanism for producing blocks.

A Graphical User Interface (GUI) is a means of interacting with a computer program in a visual way. GUIs are intended to make computer programs easier to use and employ icons, windows, and menus. GUIs stand in contrast to text-based user interfaces which require users to interact with computer programs through text-based commands.

Graphics Processor Unit (GPU) mining is a cryptocurrency mining mechanism that makes use of GPUs instead of the Central Processing Units (CPUs) that had been used in the early days of the blockchain industry. For example, the Radeon HD 5970 GPU-miner is able to execute 3,200 32-bit instructions per clock. Compared to the 4 32-bit instructions per clock of a CPU, this represents an 800-fold increase in efficiency. Because of such drastically expanded processing capabilities, GPU mining is much more efficient for performing the types of repetitive computations needed for cryptocurrency mining.

Grayscale is one of the world’s leading investment firms offering cryptocurrency assets to large-scale institutional investors. Grayscale is famous for being one of the world’s largest holders of bitcoin (BTC) and ether (ETH). The company offers institutional investors numerous products and services including custodial asset management, trading, and access to its famous BTC and ETH Trusts. Additionally, the firm offers investors index funds, including the decentralized finance (DeFi) Fund and the Digital Large Cap Fund. Grayscale is based in the U.S. and has been headquartered in New York City since its founding in 2013.

The Greenlist is a list of cryptocurrencies provided by the New York Department of Financial Services (NYDFS). NYDFS-licensed virtual currency businesses are permitted to use the coins on the list for approved purposes.

Griefing occurs when a user acting in bad faith deliberately harasses or trolls other users within an online environment to disrupt their concentration and strategy to cause a loss for those involved (other than for the griefer). For example, griefing can take place in an online video game community. Griefing is not generally classified as cheating because it is caused by allowed using aspects within the game (albeit for unintended purposes). Examples include destroying something that other players built or created. Basically, griefing is intentionally interrupting the in-game immersion of another player during their gameplay to cause a losing result.

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total market value of all finished goods and services produced within a country during a specific time period. GDP is one of the most widely accepted metrics for measuring the overall economic strength of a country, and is used to broadly measure a country’s annual growth rate, domestic production, and overall total economic value. Gross domestic product is generally calculated in three ways (using production, incomes, or expenditures) and can be adjusted for inflation and other population metrics to provide more tailored data insights. Though GDP has its limitations, it has historically served as a key tool to help guide policymakers, businesses, and investors towards more informed and more strategic decision-making.

Gross Merchandise Value (GMV) — also known as Gross Merchandise Volume — is a classification used within the online retailing industry to indicate the total volume of sales in monetary value (usually in US dollars, Euros, or another fiat currency) for merchandise sold within a specific marketplace during a specified time period. GMV also includes all fees and deductions that are calculated independently, such as site revenue, which is derived from fees and is not the same as the monetary value of items sold. The GMV for ecommerce retailers is denoted by the average sale price per item, multiplied by the number of individual items sold (which is also considered gross revenue in this example).

Gwei is a denomination of ether, the native cryptocurrency of the Ethereum blockchain. 1 gwei is equal to 0.000000001 ETH. Gas fees, which are fees charged on every Ethereum transaction, are denominated in Gwei.